Do civilians defer to military preferences about US cyber strategy? The civil-military relations literature has only cursorily addressed this question. This article by IGP Emerging Technologies, Intelligence, and Security Initiative Cofounder Erica Lonergan aims to fill this gap.

Cyberspace's role in military power is vociferously debated. But how do these ideas manifest in cyber strategy? In this article, IGP Emerging Technologies, Intelligence, and Security Initiative Cofounder Erica Lonergan and coauthor Jacquelyn Schneider trace the development of ideas about military cyber power, with a focus on the US.

Signaling is a core element of international crisis bargaining and coercive diplomacy.  In this article, IGP Emerging Technologies, Intelligence, and Security Initiative Cofounder Erica Lonergan and coauthor Shawn W. Lonergan develop a theory of signaling in cyberspace, arguing that, although cyber operations are not particularly well suited as costly signals of resolve or capabilities in the context of coercive diplomacy, they have a distinct utility for signaling to manage escalation risks.